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Indeed, it's first attested in the ancient DNA record in an Early Neolithic sample from the Zagros Mountains, in what is now western Iran, dating to ~8,000 calBCE. It doesn't appear outside of this region until a few thousand years later, when it's recorded in an Early Bronze Age sample dating to ~2,300 calBCE from a site near the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Jordan. In fact, it's downright contradicted by ancient DNA, because J2b is missing in tens of samples from a wide range of archeological cultures associated with these population movements. If anyone out there disagrees, then please show me a single instance of J2b in samples from the Khvalynsk, Sredny Stog, Yamnaya, Poltavka, Corded Ware, Bell Beaker, Catacomb, Srubnaya and other closely related ancient European steppe and steppe-derived cultures.

Fig S7 looks fairly interesting - https://imgur.com/a/MD774Vh Highest probability centre of that plot looks around Iberia_BA - 25% Iberia_CA Male, 75% Central_Beaker Male, 100% Iberia_CA Female, 0% Central_Beaker Female. * Elevated Goyet in Individuals from ''thus (Olalde, and others) argued for an Iberian contribution to the Neolithic in Britain'' In reality, the British Neolithic came from France and low countries, not Iberia " Until, Neolithic samples from there are available the best option for authors will be Iberia. : "Seems like Iberia was the proverbial cul-de-sac" The signal of Iberia_Chl / Iberia_EN to North Africa looks pretty good still using f3, and there may be some more stuff going on in later periods.... (reat Britain-I3137-Neolíthic-3.500 BC HV0+195- (Irland, Ballynahatty, Neolíthic-Bally- 3.181 BC The Neolithic migration of cardial culture from Italy along the coast reached the Ebro valley and continued to the Pyrenees, then sailing to the isles.

The datasheets below contain outgroup f3-statistics for a wide range of ancient and present-day populations. In fact, I do know what they are, but I'd like you to try and work out whether they were the speakers of Indo-European or non-Indo-European languages by analyzing the datasheets with, say, PAST or nMonte I'll reveal the identities and likely languages of the mystery ancients in a couple of days. It shouldn't be too difficult, but to help things along, I color coded the populations in the datasheets (black = Indo-European, blue = Uralic, and grey = neither). If you haven't done this sort of thing before, these blog posts might be useful as background reading.

This is where they cluster compared to Kura-Araxes and Yamnaya samples in my Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of world-wide genetic variation: the Global25.To explore the ancestry of the Steppe Maykop people in more detail I ran a couple of unsupervised Global25/nMonte tests, using basically every ancient population in the (scaled) Global25 datasheet that seemed chronologically sensible and even remotely relevant. But, you might say, Global25/nMonte isn't a published analytical method and it doesn't run on formal statistics, the meat and potatoes of ancient DNA papers. It seems unlikely to me that we're dealing here with a highly complex three-way mixture process, involving populations from such far flung locations as western Siberia and southern Central Asia. Rather, I suspect that Steppe Maykop was the result of a two-way mixture between Piedmont_Eneolithic (the population that lived before it on the steppe north of the Caucasus) and someone just a little bit more easterly.